The Pillars Of The Tourism Strategy Tourism Essay

The Pillars Of The Tourism Strategy Tourism Essay Definition of the World Tourist Organisation (WTO): Tourists are those who are travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited In  other words: A tourist are those who goes to different place for private interest or who is sent there, but is not employed at this place. Business tourists may go to this place for meetings or further education. Private tourists may go there for adventure, recreation, pilgrimage or many other purposes. Eco-tourism stressed on local cultures, wilderness adventures, personal development and learning new methods to live. It is defined as travel to different areas where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the major attractions. Responsible ecotourism includes practices that lessens the negative impacts of regional tourism on the natural environment, and flourishes the cultural integrity of local communities. Hence, in addition to evaluating environmental, social and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to positioning recycling, energy efficiency and the creation of economic opportunities for local people are an integral part of ecotourism. Historical, biological and cultural conservation, sustainable development etc. are some of the sectors closely linked to Eco-Tourism. Large number of professionals have been involved in formulating and growing eco-tourism programs. They come from the fields of Geographic data Systems, Wildlife authorities, Wildlife Photography, and Oceanography, National and State Park authorities, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, and Archaeologists, etc. Ecotourism is widely considered as a nature-based type of alternative visitors that embodies the virtuous traits that tourism supposedly lacks. Therefore, the notion of mass ecotourism is often seen as a contradiction in means or oxymoron. This article, however, argues that ecotourism as both reality, an ideal can logically be perceived as a form of mass tourism, and not its opposite. The first sector provides a working definition of ecotourism, and the remainder of the paper then raise the rationale for the above contention, and considers its applications for the tourism industry and for ecotourism destinations. Meaningful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural facts of the environment, taking care not to change the integrity of the ecosystem, during the production of economic opportunities that make the preservation of natural resources profitable to local communities. Hence, ecotourism is a form of tourism to relatively undisturbed natural locations for the main reasons of admiring them and knowing more facts about their lives. Ecotourism also tries to decrease its effects on the locations visited. It also supports to the preservation of natural venues and the sustainable development of adjacent locations and communities, spreading further awareness among habitants and nearby populations and tourist. Although a relatively new part of the tourism sector, ecotourism has diffused vastly all over the world. The most popular ecotourism destinations are spread relatively evenly all over the world and involve sites in Central and South America and the USA and Australia. Another vital ecotourism area is Africa. For example, Kenya employs approximately 55,000 people in its wildlife tourism sector. The Kenya Wildlife Service recorded $24 million of profits from wildlife tourism in 1990. For 1995, it was about $54 million with 25% of earnings paid to people in destinations adjacent to parks and reserves. A latest study of Amboseli National Park in Kenya states that each lion there was worth $27,000 and each elephant herd as much as $610,000 in tourist profits per year. Cultural tourism tends to stress on the indigenous of an area and their customs, arts, crafts, architecture, religion and lifestyles or on visits to art galleries and temples Historical tourism mainly stress on the glories of the past in the form of monuments, museums, and historical sites There are number of different profits that can be derived from Ecotourism if local people use it as a tool rather than number of outside visitors.   However, the results are a direct image of the encouragement behind the program.   Since these motivations are mostly mixed it follows that the results are often mixed too. Sometimes called nature tourism or ecotourism and educational travel based on natural attractions is a promising way of flourishing social, economic, political and environmental objectives in developing countries. It offers countries new ideas for small-enterprise investment and employment and developing the national stake in conserving their biological resources. However, making ecotourism a strong positive economic and environmental tool needs activities that foster responsible nature tourism growth, broad-based and active local participation in its profits, and conservation of developing countries biological heritage. MAIN BODY The ecotourism circumstances are currently entering a significant phase of its development in Kenya. In the past five years, ecotourism has attracted important attention from consumers, conservationists, economic development specialists and others. However, they are entering a period during, which ecotourism will undergo more careful scrutiny to determine whether it provides as many benefits as its proponents suggest it should. For this to be done information has to be made available on nature, performance and characteristics of ventures operating under the ecotourism label. Ecotourism Society of Kenya is at this time working on a project to develop a national record of all existing ecotourism projects in the Kenya, with a view to establishing the extent to which ecotourism has contributed to improved livelihoods for local people and aided conservation. The first phase of this project involved reviewing existing literature on ecotourism enterprises in Kenya, both for existing and pot ential ventures. The second phase will involve a questionnaire survey of the listed projects and others that may be discovered during such visits. This is going help to, among other things, to verify facts, get people views, and fill- in gaps of information missing from writ ten. Kenya  is best known for its wide savannas teeming with lions and elephants, but most travellers dont know that its also home to mountains, lakes, rain forests, deserts and beaches, each with its own unique ecosystem and wildlife. Kenyas incredible natural diversity is protected in some 50 national parks and reserves across the country, from the virgin rain forests of the Kaka mega Forest Reserve to the wildebeests who migrate to the Maasai Mara National Reserve every July and August. On the coast, travellers can walk down pristine white beaches or go diving along colourful coral reefs. All tourism occurs under the watchful eye of Ecotourism Kenya, which works to protect the local environment through community outreach and education projects. The organization also rates lodges throughout Kenya based on their environmental policies. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18215130/ns/travel-active_travel/ Three Pillars of the Tourism Strategy In this term pillar means goals in combination with opportunities and strength. Therefore it is a plan with greater development than the term objectives which is conventionally used in the context of project formulation to detail the achievable aims of a project. For instance, one of the goals of this tourism strategy is to make stakeholders of the western region of Kenya to re-discover and advertise their wealth of natural and cultural heritage as things that bewilder other humans, and that cannot be missed by adventurous visitors and travellers coming to Kenya. Diversification in the context means strategic improvement of product development in order to gain a more competitive stance of tourism in the western region in regards to quality products and tourism amenities as compared to the competition in other regions. Given the above definition of terms, this strategy rests on three strategic pillars of tourism development for the western region of Kenya, namely: a. Product development and diversification b. Integrated promotion, marketing and institutional development from below c. Local tourism education and marketing as a tool of poverty eradication (a) Product Development and Diversification The abundance of unexploited tourism resources including nature, culture and infrastructure means there are many opportunities and options to improve the quality of old products and services or to develop new products. The highest priority, however, should be given to options for improvement of Mt. Elgon National Park and assistance for the community based ecotourism ventures. For example specific options for the improvement of Mt. Elgon National Park are given in a set of recommendations in Table1. They include opening of a second gate at Kaberwa, road improvement for specified park roads to all weather condition. Another priority product development option exists in the form of community based ecotourism ventures. (b) Integrated Tourism Promotion, Marketing and Institutional Development The following facts derived from interviews with top officials of tourism stakeholder organizations at national level illuminated a changing scenario and a new pattern of players for the key roles is emerging as can be seen from the following observations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE will totally devolve marketing of its tourism products including handling of visitor services in national parks, national reserves, sanctuaries, etc, to the private sector and communities and concentrate on conservation of wildlife. KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE will participate in community based tourism development in advisory capacities only. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ KATO, a membership organisation that was formed in 1974 and has 250 members, controls 90 per cent of the traffic and destinations of international tourists in Kenya. (c) Local Tourism Education and Marketing as Tool of Poverty Eradication At the beginning of this report it was mentioned that tourism is a strategic industry that has potential for eradication of poverty in the whole of Kenya. In view of the unexploited tourism potential in the western region of Kenya this vision should be taken seriously by sensitizing the entire population about the need to cultivate the right attitudes, hospitality skills and public relations in readiness for participation in viable tourism activities. National stakeholder organizations namely KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE, KTB, KTDC, KTF, TD should be challenged to take the lead in popularizing tourism to the Kenyan population like KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE has done in the last decade. According to this trend of thought, the government has two options to decide upon concerning the Mt. Elgon area: to support the communities of the Mt. Elgon ecosystem to participate in sustainable conservation and development of natural resources and environment; and to maintain vigilance as was done previously to evict the Elgoni people from the caves and forest. We recommend the former option, which implies willingness to support viable community based ecotourism ventures and to support the county council initiative of a conservancy and development of tourism activities based at the Chepkitale moorland. It is based on complementary inputs from two sources. The first input is derived from the empirical evidence collected by observations and discussions with local stakeholders during the field-work in the region and that has been presented and analyzed in chapters three and four. This group of stakeholders consists of private enterprises; local government authorities, NGOs and community based groups. Their main concerns are product development, marketing, sales and provision of services and infrastructure. The second input to the strategy is derived from consultations with the key national stakeholders of the tourism industry in Nairobi. This group of stakeholders comprises of Government of Kenyas parastatal agencies and departments namely KEN YA WILDLIFE SERVICE, KTDC, KTB, Tourism Department, and also Kenya Association of Tour Operators (KATO) representing the private sector. Their main concerns include product development, policy development and administration, international promotion and marketing and financing. Over the next five years or so, it is necessary to identify the feasibility and responsibility for tourism development in the western region. As already mentioned above, it is unlikely that KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE will be playing any promotion or marketing of tourism in future. Therefore the foreseen main role of KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE is to develop and improve Mt. Elgon National Park including the establishment of a second gate and an access road at Kaberwa in collaboration with the Forest Department and the Mt. Elgon County Council. Concerning the roads networks outside the national park it as assumed (but probably it required to be specified) that their development and improvements is the responsibility of the central Government of Kenya and local government authorities. The KTB and the Department of Tourism have an important role to play in development, promotion of globally marketable themes and packages for the new products to be developed. Such market-oriented themes are required for Mt. Elgon National Park itself and for the cultural attractions that will emerge from community ecotourism initiatives. Since both KTB and DoT are relatively new, in the field of destination marketing and operations at regional and grassroots level, new tourism oriented research and design and development capacities will be needed. General Recommendations Develop/promote an exclusive market for cultural tourism through services and appropriate linkages with individual tour operators, MENOWECTO and the KTB. Support diversification of high quality tourism products especially cultural products e.g. dancing, gift and curio products for sale by retail shops as well as bulk sales or consignments to major towns. Encourage participation of visitors in community services around Mt. Elgon National Park and in the nearby towns of Kapsokwony and Kitale. Assist Mt. Elgon County Council to initiate a conservancy for tourism development in the Chepkitale moorlands, including development of an access road through, and a gate at Kaberwa under a new partnership deal between KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE, Forest Department and Mt. Elgon County Council. Develop institutional linkages for marketing of community based ecotourism through local home stay operators. Create general public awareness and popular support of tourism. Support training of community based dancing groups and tour guides in appropriate skills including: Technical names and skills for identification, handling of plants, animals etc. Camping, first aid and emergency techniques; and Public relations, public presentation, marketing, negotiation and packaging, Institutionalize community ecotourism groups and ventures for sustainability. Support the specified improvement and expansion of park infrastructure including making road circuit all-weather, camping site improvements, second gate at Kaberwa and supporting the Chepkitale conservancy. In order to increase local tourism and visitation to Mt. Elgon National Park in particular, KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE should launch a lightly scheduled bus service to familiarize residents and visitors in Kitale with the availability of regular and reliable public transport to and from Mt. Elgon National Park on certain days of the week. CONCLUSION Kenya is known as an international tourist place, but the Western Region of this country has very little tourism activity. There is no particular factor that is well known to be the main hindrance to tourism in the region. The Lack of awareness of tourism by the local communities, negligence or mismanagement of tourist facilities, lack of technical knowledge and insecurity are commonly mentioned. Situated 30 km west of Kitale town and gazetted in 1968, Mt. Elgon National Park is an area of 169 sq. km and is managed by a staff of 75 persons including 9 officers, 45 rangers and 6 drivers. The park receives 3000 visitors yearly. According to Edin Kalla, the Regional Assistant Director, the main challenges of the park are security for wildlife and visitors, increasing human-wildlife conflict along the border with the former ADC farms around the park, now sub-divided and settled by formerly landless people and with non-residential cultivation in the forest reserves, as well as shortages of human and financial resources. Occasionally wild forest fire is a big threat. Ecotourism may seem to have a positive way to it, but in contrast, it has a very grim reality joining it. While having reaped economic benefits from ecotourism, there are instances where people are forced to leave their homes, instances of gross violations of fundamental rights, and increase in the number of environmental hazards. Eco tourism is held as important by those who taking part in it so that coming generations may experience exposure of the environment relatively untouched by human development, and by becoming a part of this brigade, you are doing your bit to keep the planet the way it should be. Hence to make our trip as nice as possible, look into all the aspects that seem significant to you. Duty is backbone on which eco-tourism is based, and performed in the right direction, can to make sure a guilt-free, remember able holiday. In this  Industry  in many countries or the regions big industrial sectors as well as the  Economic industry of today, eco-tourism as an ideal way, it has made some growth in our country and in many local societies and planning a unavoidable item. Nearly two series of ten, the industry at home and foreign, and scholars define the eco-tourism, and noted the need in according with the development strategy, highlighting on the long-term development of   bionomics tourism resources, and established a plan of development, supporting the plan of eco-tourism. In this paper, the original eco-tourism to further examines its definition, and the economic importance of eco-tourism to be.   Ecotourism is undoubtedly a key feature in Kenyas economy. However, this study reveals that the ecotourism sector faces several challenges which include the need to respond to local community development and aspirations, meeting visitors varied expectations, improving management and planning efforts as well as developing effective and efficient infrastructure and services. According to Gakahu (1992), Kenya has a policy that emphasizes those habitats and wildlife populations are to be maintained in a reasonably natural state while catering for economically important activities. This is important for the tourist industry because the naturalness of amenities is what attracts tourists and is what they pay for. Appropriate planning and management is necessary to redress past mistakes and ensure the future welfare of ecotourism. One cannot rule out the possibility that at some point, conservation and economic exploitation, through ecotourism, might become incompatible unless appropriate me chanisms of reconciling them are worked out. Today, the ecological integrity and attractiveness of the Amboseli and Mara conservation areas is being impaired by visitor use. In conclusion, immediate, short-term and long-term planning and management actions need to be taken in order to stop the current poor use and localized overuse of the Amboseli and Mara. The best use of visitor attitudes and use impacts outlined in this study could guide management. This study clearly demonstrates that simply calculating visitor figures is insufficient for management, planning and monitoring responses. If the management cannot deal with the identified problems, then there is need to establish visitor capacity. Visitor impact management programmes therefore can minimise visitor impacts before costly restoration and rehabilitation programs become necessary.

The Character of Joe Gargery in Great Expectations Essay examples --

The Character of Joe Gargery in Great Expectations The protagonist's brother-in-law, Joe Gargery, in the novel Great Expectations, written by Charles Dickens, is prominently humane, especially compared to the other characters. Although Pip is the psychological center of the book, Joe is the moral center. Pip struggles to be good; Joe merely is obedient by nature without apprehending it. Although Joe is not prosperous or knowledgeable, he still offers what he does know and have, to Pip. Joe provides a perfect example of however one conducts oneself in life; one's good nature always asserts itself at the end. With Joe's humane intellect, he is like a father to Pip- giving him guidance, informing him what is respectable and what is erroneous- it is his humanity that makes him incredibly generous and forgiving. However, generosity and forgivingness are just two of Joes's many traits that contribute to his humanity; these characteristics show up numerous times in the novel. One of the best examples of the many humane acts of Joe is illustrated by his reaction to when some food was taken from his house by a convict, on page 41, chapter 9: "'God knows you're welcome to it- so far as it was ever mine. We don't know what you have done, but we wouldn't have you starved to death for it, poor miserable fellow- creature.'" Although Joe is exceedingly indigent, he not only acknowledges the convict's apology for pinching, but he insists that the convict is welcome to it- regardless of the number of sins or whatever type of misdeeds he has committed. Even the richest people would be infuriated if someone stole their food- let alone a convict. Although Joe i... ...ow of changes that he was going through. Although Joe is not a "gentleman," he still understands the important things in life; Joe represents conscience, affection, loyalty, and simple good nature. Although he is uneducated and unrefined, he consistently acts for the benefit of those he loves and suffers in silence in spite of however Pip treats him. One character in the novel that lives a very serene life because of his great ability to forgive is Joe Gargery. Joe Gargery's prominent characteristic in the novel Great Expectations is his humanity. It is humanity that makes him incredibly forgiving and understanding; even in the worst conditions- whether being neglected by someone he loved or being robbed- he keeps everything in control and seeks the best in every situation. His compassion makes him exceedingly munificent and magnanimous.

Classical Economics

Classical Economics Classical economics is one of the main theories of economics, besides Keynesian economics, although classical economics is considered the first school of thought in economics, probably only due to timing. Although others have contributed ideas and theories to the classical school of thought, Adam Smith is the person behind the Classical economics school of thought. The Classical economics theory teaches and is based on the idea that the economy can stabilize and run effectively on its own, without any type of assistance. There are three basic assumptions of Classical Economists theories. One is that all prices must be susceptible to flexibility downward just as easily as upward. This is proven not to be the case for downward prices because of factors such as laws or unions. Another assumption is what is called, â€Å"Say’s Law†. This law preaches that â€Å"supply creates its own demand†. However, this is also proven to not work effectively because in most economies today production is based on demand not the other way around. The third assumption is that the savings of every consumer should match their investment. This, we all know from experience, not to be the case. Classical economics believes the economy is a type of self- correcting mechanism and needs no assistance or intervention to function effectively. Unemployment in an economy is considered to be a temporary disequilibrium due to excess labor at the current wage rate. Also, whenever wages are high, Classical economics points out that there are always more people willing to work at that ongoing rate and this is what they name as unemployment. Furthermore, if the economy is a Classical one, wages are perfectly flexible, so this would cause the wage rate to fall. This would, in turn, rid the excess labor available and reduce the unemployment back to equilibrium levels. This is how Classical economics believes an economy is the perfect solution. It relies on the idea that employers will always act in their own best interest. But, by doing so they will also help the economy. When employees are still available at a lower price, he will have no incentive or reason to pay them more. He will then adjust the wage lower and still be promoting for the overall benefit of its society without any extra effort. The Classical economy school of thought also teaches that the commodities markets will also always be in equilibrium because of flexible prices. It believes that if the supply is high with adequate demand, the situation is temporary. Just like when producers adjust their prices lower to lure a consumer into buying it when it has not sold, the prices for the commodity, also, lower down to match the demand and supply, thus once again, bringing the situation back to an equilibrium level. Capital Markets are no exception for Classical economics. In the classical economics school of thought, no human intervention is required to lead the capital markets to equilibrium as well. Classical economics theorize if savings exceed investment, the interest rates fall and equilibrium follows. Contrary, if savings fall short of investments, the interest rates will rise and once again reach equilibrium, with help from that invisible hand. One potential problem with the classical theories is that Say’s law may not be true. This could happen because not all the income earned goes towards consumption, misinterpreting the missing potential demand which will cause a dis-equilibrium. When supply falls short of effective demand like this, several problems can arise. For example, producers reduce their production, employees are laid off, wages decrease, thus leading consumers with less income, this will have a downward spiral. Classical Economists believe that what occurred to the savings is what started the problem and is where the solution lies. They believe all that is needed is for the savings to go in as investments. This will then allow the interest rates to adjust and bring equilibrium to the economy once again. But, once again, are our savings actually invested? Sadly, mine are not. Nonetheless, Classical economists argue all these solutions could work with no government intervention. Furthermore, they argue government intervention would actually hurt an economy in the long run. In conclusion, the Classical economics school of thought hold that Say’s law proves â€Å"costs of output are always covered in the aggregate by the sale-proceeds resulting from demand†. Also, Classical economists explain how the theory of the invisible hand is far more effective than any government intervention, with no monetary policy during an economic crisis. With Classical economics, the long run is targeted for an economy’s successful growth, leaving short run losses to be tackled at a later date. Classical economists believed investments did not hurt an economy in any way but will actually help because of their fluctuating ability. There are contradictions to any theory, but most can agree on the idea that the future expectations of any economy will affect its consumers. We will inevitably use our human instincts of survival and attempt to do what we think is best for our and our loved ones’ survival regardless of what we think is the best thing to do in â€Å"the long run† for our economy’s growth and stability.

How Of Design Furnitures And Spaces For Small House

How to design furnitures and spaces for small house. In the globalization ages, all nations confronting the overpopulation problems, its may sound general while overpopulation hidden many consequence toward the livings and resources. There can be no doubt that the supply of natural resources will be extremely lower than the demand. To elucidate further, there will be inadequate living spaces, house and home; it is supremely essential for us to live in the lovely house. Numerous people living in the urban area, metropolis because it is comfortable, living high standard, earn more income and living in the urban areas make shorten the workplace distant because a lot of work office located in the big city. Living in the city such as Bay Area and South Market street is extremely expensive, the rental pushing the middle class out of the city, â€Å" Earning a lot of income but barely have nothing left after paying the rent in San Francisco† ( Scheinin, 2015). Some perspective may asserted that globalization ages is double edged sword because people tend to live in the urban areas are gaining higher living standard, on the other hand, they spent substantial amount of money to the houses and apartments rental whil e the spaces is limited. In conclusion, we spent half of our life at our home and therefore, the research paper will inform general knowledge for readers to do interior design for small spaces houses or apartments in order to cope the small urban spaces and budget. TheShow MoreRelatedIdeas And Inspirations For Dining Rooms1539 Words   |  7 Pagesdining spaces. It is important for the health and well being of the family as well as for the guests who frequent this space. In her essay A Room of One’s Own published in 1929, Virginia Woolf commented, â€Å"One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well.† Without taking adequate care of your dining room design you cannot expect to dine well either. 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The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 - 1028 Words

Following the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the IMF bailout provided desperately needed funds to revive South Korea s economy but came with a caveat of strict mandates. The aftermath left sectors of its economy eviscerated, patches of its society dissolved, and sent my family on a plane to the United States. What could have been an otherwise typical American dream narrative for me, however, evolved into a lifelong aspiration toward global affairs. Reaching for a graduate study program is the next appropriate step in realizing my passion. Through what seemed like a disruptive displacement, I adopted the unique identity of a 1.5 generation Korean immigrant; registered the importance of cultural diversity; recognized the glaring differences and subtle nuances in human behaviors, social norms, and historical traditions more organically. Naturally, analyzing the problems in a multifaceted fashion became my biggest forte. After a search of what can best capitalize my skills, I arrived at an undergraduate major in international studies. Taking courses such as Political Economy of East Asia and Global Issues and Institutions helped me understand the circumstances of how I became an economic migrant and how extensive the reach of international monetary policy can be. A field which delves into a complex state of global affairs dovetailed my penchant in exploring an unparalleled gamut of issues and developed the analytic ability. 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They were even stories about â€Å"The East Asian MiracleRead MoreThe Asian Financial Crisis Of 19972364 Words   |  10 Pagesthe â€Å"Asian Contagion† the East Asian financial crisis of 1997 marked a time in which multiple Asian countries fell into a recession as a result of financialization. Although the East Asian financial crisis affected over ten countries, Thailand’s economy is will first be primarily analyzed prior to the crash because it was the first economy to fall and essentially started the crisis. In retrospect, the complexity of the financial crisis has caused much debate on what actually started the crisis inRead MoreEffects of the Asian Financial Crisis on 19971006 Words   |  4 PagesThe financial crisis in many countries in Asia in 1997-1998 was an unexpected event. It was mainly because most of the Asian countries had been enjoying economic growth prior to the crisis. The crisis itself started with the devaluation of Thailand’s Baht in July 1997. The Thailand government decided to float its currency in order to defend the Baht against speculative attack, despite its fixed exchange rate system. This decision was apparently the beginning of the economic downturn of many AsianRead More1997 Asian Financial Crisis and Hyundai Motor Corp7119 Words   |  29 PagesIndustry Outlook: 16 Asian Financial Crisis: Summary: 17 Recovery: 18 Hyundai Motor Corp Financial Analysis: Introduction: 20 Detailed Financial Analysis: 21 Equity Valuation: 24 Conclusion: 24 Case Solution: Project Valuation: 25 Input Descriptions: 25 Conclusion: 27 Exhibits: Hyundai Motor Corp Financial Statements 29 Bibliography:Read MoreFactors That Caused the 1997 East Asian Financial Crisis1604 Words   |  6 PagesCaused the 1997 East Asia Financial Crisis Discuss the principal factors responsible for the East Asian currency/financial crisis of 1997. In 1997, there occurred certain shifts in expectations from the market. The regional contagion and confidence led to the East Asian financial turmoil. In 1990s, it had been reported that the microeconomic and macroeconomic businesses were not performing as expected. The local and international investors had not held enough grips into the looming financial challengesRead MoreImf As An International Financial Institution Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1997-1998 Indonesian Economic Crises. IMF Interventions - Lessons to learn. Introduction. 1997 to1998 saw the East Asian nations of Thailand, Indonesia and South Korea engulfed in an economic and financial crises that nearly collapsed their economies. The IMF was at the center stage to help during these crises. How IMF’s assistance further deepened Indonesia’s economic crises, received heavy criticism from Political, economic and social analyst against IMF s programs and Policies in Developing

1. Describe the basis of feminist criminology. - 877 Words

Feminist criminology emerged out of the realisation that criminology has from its inception centred on men and the crimes they commit. Although it can be argued female criminality was researched by Lombroso, as far back as 1800’s, female crime, it’s causes and the impact in which it had on society was largely ignored by the criminological futurity. Those Criminologist who did attempt to research female crime such as Thomas and Pollak were not only very damning of women but were also very condescending, choosing to stereotype them as either Madonna or whore (Feinman). Law abiding women were described as passive, obedient, chastic, childlike whereas the deviant as aggressive, defiant, sexually impulsive, becomingly adult and even†¦show more content†¦In New York, one of every seven inmates is diagnosed as HIV positive.16 The growing rate of women’s incarceration calls for a critical evaluation of the social impact of our nation’s increasing reliance on correctional facilities to deal with women’s involvement in crime. Increasing arrests for property and public order offenses are partly responsible for women’s incarceration rate outpacing that of men.1 The â€Å"war on drugs,† however, has been most influential in the nationwide expansion of the prison population, having a particularly devastating impact on women over the past 25 years. Women are now more likely than men to serve time for drug offenses and are subject to increasingly punitive law enforcement and sentencing practices,2 despite the fact that women are less likely than men to play a central role in the drug trade.3 Additionally, women’s higher proportion of incarceration for property crimes than men’s reflects the extreme economic disadvantages that many women face prior to incarceration. There is an increasing need for further consideration of the nature of women’s involvement in crime in order to respond appropriately to the personal and structural causes of their criminal behavior rather than rely ing solely on punitive responses. †¢ Women incarcerated in state prisons were less likely than men to have been convicted of a violent offense (35% vs. 53%).4 †¢ Women incarcerated in state prisons were more likely than men to have beenShow MoreRelatedDescribe the Basis of Feminist Criminology1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Basis Of Feminist Criminology Feminist criminology was created out of the realization that criminology from its beginnings focused on the male criminal and the unlawful acts they committed. When in the fact it could be argued female crime was studied as far back as 1800s, female criminal activity, its causes and the effects in which it placed on public opinion were often disregarded. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significantly different approach in how females are being dealt withRead MoreCrime And Social Control Theory Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciple that criminality changes throughout an individuals life â€Å"from onset to persistence to desistance† (Hagan, 2016, p. 173). One of the most prominent theorists for DLC is David Farrington (2003) who determined ten postulations about offending: â€Å"1. Offending prevalence peaks between 15 and 19 years of age. 2. Onset offending peaks between ages 8 and 14, and desistance occurs between ages 20 and 29. 3. Early onset portends long criminal duration and the commission of many offenses. 4. ThereRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pagesfor Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, California. All rights reservedRead MoreHistorical And Ongoing Construction Of Aboriginal Women1968 Words   |  8 Pages Historical and Ongoing Construction of Aboriginal Women in Canada as a Problem Population Holly Perkins 301041410 Criminology 302 – Critical Criminology November 26, 2014 Instructor: Gregory Simmons Historical and Ongoing Construction of Aboriginal Women in Canada as a Problem Population In August of 2014, Tina Fontaine, a 15-year-old from the Sagkeeng First Nation in Winnipeg, was murdered. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s response was not to regard it as a sociologicalRead MoreAn Essay Against Anti - Social Activities Not More Than 350 Words? Read More: Http: //Wiki.Answers.Coan Essay Against Anti Social Activities Not More Than 3505893 Words   |  24 Pageschildrens antisocial behaviour. (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989). Antisocial behaviour is used as a catch-all term to describe anything from noisy neighbours and graffiti to kids hanging out on the street. Indeed, it appears that almost any kind of unpleasant behaviour is now categorised as antisocial, with the behaviour of children and young people most often labelled as such (1). This expresses a growing perception that the laws and customs of society are being undermined by rowdy youngstersRead MoreTheoretical Approaches to Domestic Violence7490 Words   |  30 Pagesviolence/terror or murder. We can see the general definition in the Turkish Dictionary. The word â€Å"Åžiddet† (violence) comes from the Arabic Language to Turkish Language and according to the Turkish Dictionary of the Institution of Turkish Language, violence means: 1. The grade of an action or force, intensity, hardness, 2. Speed: Violence of the wind, 3. Use of brute force against opposite thinking persons, instead of persuading or settling, and 4. Metaphor. Extremene ss about emotions or behavior. According toRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 PagesEthics page: 17-18 Analysis page: 19 Results page: 20-33 Discussion page: 34-37 References page: 38-41 Appendices Appendix 1: The Freedom Programme page: 42 Appendix 2: Stockton Doves page: 43 Appendix 3: Example Questions page: 44 Appendix 4: Information Sheet page: 45 Appendix 5: Consent Form: Study 1 page: 46 Appendix 6: Consent Form: Study 2 page: 47 Appendix 7: Example of transcribed Interview page: 48-55 Abstract Domestic violenceRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency3863 Words   |  16 Pagesmost now industrialized countries, this transition ranged from brief to almost non-existent, it is now a significant part of a persons development. It is known now as adolescence. In fact the popular term teenager, wasn’t coined until the 50’s to describe this new group of people living through adolescence. It is believed that this new, drawn out transition from childhood into adulthood that is common in the western world has left many adolescents in a sort-of limbo where they must seek to defineRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency3872 Words   |  16 Pagesmost now industrialized countries, this transition ranged from brief to almost non-existent, it is now a significant part of a persons development. It is known now as adolescence. In fact the popular term teenager, wasn’t coined until the 50’s to describe this new group of people living through adolescence. It is believed that this new, drawn out transition from childhood into adulthood that is common in the western world has left many adolescents in a sort-of limbo where they must seek to defineRead MorePsychology Ncert Book 1 Chapter Notes11190 Words   |  45 PagesChapter 1 Psy What is Psychology? After reading this chapter, you would be able to †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ understand the nature and role of psychology in understanding mind and behaviour, state the growth of the discipline, know the different fields of psychology, its relationship with other disciplines, and professions, and appreciate the value of psychology in daily life to help you understand yourself and others better. Contents Introduction What is Psychology? Psychology as a Discipline Psychology as

Setting the Stage for Strategic Compensation and Bases for Pay free essay sample

Describe the three main goals of compensation departments. The three main goals of a compensation department are internal consistency, market competitiveness, and recognition of individual contributions. Internal consistency defines the relative value of each job among all jobs within a company. This ordered set of jobs represents the job structure or hierarchy. Companies rely on a simple, principle for building internally consistent compensation systems. Compensation professionals use job analysis and job evaluation to achieve internal consistency. Job analyses describe content or job duties, worker requirements, and sometimes the job context or working conditions. Based on job evaluation and the firm’s priorities, managers establish pay differentials for virtually all positions within the company (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011). Market competitiveness plays a significant role in attracting and retaining the most qualified employees. Compensation professionals build market-competitive compensation systems based on the results of market surveys and compensation surveys. A strategic analyses permit business professionals to see where they stand in the market based on external and internal factors (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011). Recognizing individual contributions helps determine pay structures. Every employee is different and employees don’t do the same job alike. One may have more knowledge or more experience and because of such disparity that is why HR professionals assign pay grades or assign pay grades within pay structures for a job. Companies understand this want to compensate the employee for what they contribute to the job. Pay grades are in ranges that allow for the minimum qualifications to the highest and also allows for incentives when dealing with a prospective employee and their qualifications (Martocchio, pg. 22, 2011). Describe the contextual influence that you believe will pose the greatest challenge and the contextual influence that will pose the least challenge to companies’ competitiveness and explain why. Market influences are the contextual influence that may pose the greatest challenge to a companies’ competitiveness. In a competitive labor market, companies attempt to attract and retain the best individuals for employment partly by offering lucrative wage and benefits packages. Companies that operate in product markets where there is relative little competition from other companies tend to pay higher wages because these companies exhibit substantial profits. Labor unions will pose the least challenge to companies’ competitiveness although a high percentage of civilian workers in both the public and private sectors represented by unions declined steadily to a 12. 4 percent representation since 1983 when the representation rate was 20. 1 percent. Union representation will continue to decline in the future and this decline may be attributed to the reduced influence of unions. Describe when subjective performance evaluations might be better (or more feasible) than objective ratings. Managers rely on objective as well as subjective performance indicators to determine whether an employee will receive a merit increase and the amount of increase warranted. Subjective might be better when supervisors wants to periodically review their employees individual performance. By using subjective performance will help to evaluate how well each worker is accomplishing assigned duties relative to established standards and goals. Objective rating typically defies interpretation: Either an employee was late five times or she wasnt, or he met his widgets-per-hour target or he didnt. For that reason, some employers use purely objective measures for employees who have repetitive or entry-level jobs performance is a function of doing (or not doing) some specific action, or in meeting per-product or per-service productivity total Describe under what conditions profit sharing plans are not likely to motivate employees. Profit sharing plans allow employees to earn financial reward when their company’s profit objective is met. For employees’ who have a lower salary profit sharing is not likely to motivate them, because the amount distributed to each employee may be weighted by the employees base salary. The employees’ with higher base salaries receive a slightly higher amount of the shared pool of profits. Because the company profits vary from year to year, so do employees’ earnings. This will make difficult for employees’ to predict their earnings, which will affect their savings and buying behavior. Employees find that profit sharing plans are not likely to motivate them because they do not see a direct link between their efforts and corporate profits. Employees may be given a range of investment choices for their accounts, including stocks or mutual funds. Since the company have to decide to match a certain percentage of such contributions. In addition, many 401(k) accounts have provisions that enable employees to borrow money under certain conditions. The other reason why profit sharing plans does not motivate employees is because this plan establish a vesting period and a limit access to the funds. The limit access is to establish strict rules for making payments from employees’ accounts, such as upon retirement, death, permanent disability, or termination of employment. Less strict rules may allow for withdrawals under certain conditions, such as financial hardship or medical emergencies. Nevertheless, whatever rules a company may adopt for its profit-sharing plan, such rules are subject to IRS approval and must meet IRS guidelines. Based on your knowledge of pay-for-knowledge pay concepts, describe three jobs for which this basis for pay is inappropriate and explain why. The three jobs which this basis for pay is inappropriate are librarians, electricians, and dietitians. Librarians bring order to and guide users through the vast array of information available. The size and character of the library determine whether Librarians perform all phases of the work or engage in a specialty. A librarian needs to find ways to structure or classify multiple pieces of information. Actively looking for ways to help people and help them to understand written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents. Electricians tackle a range of projects from wiring new homes and offices, rewiring existing structures to helping providing installation services for new solar panels.